TGF-β has been reported to function as a tumor promoter by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which features the loss of epithelial phenotypes (such as claudins and E-cadherin) and the acquisition of mesenchymal phenotypes (such as fibronectin, N-cadherin and vimentin) [23]. This evidence concerns the gene CDH2 and neoplasm.