TNF and Insulin resistance: Previous studies proposed that M1 ATMs display the CD11c surface marker, and produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, thus leading to the induction of insulin resistance (Lumeng et al., 2007a,b; Fujisaka et al., 2009).