FGF23 and hyperphosphatemia: In addition, renal failure adds new mechanisms possibly related to VC, such as an increase in fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), hyperphosphatemia, and reduced levels of vitamin D, Klotho and calcification inhibitors, such as pyrophosphate, fetuin-A and matrix Gla protein [9,10,11,12,13,14].