TNF and atherosclerosis: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) also show an increased risk for ASCVD [33], mainly related to a loss of renal parenchyma, which accelerates atherosclerosis [34], a chronic inflammation status with elevated CRP levels, and reduced renal clearance of several cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α [35], as well as raised levels of angiotensin II and parathormone, which contribute to increased ROS production and calcium deposition in the vessel wall, thus inducing endothelial dysfunction [33].