Moreover, TERT promoter mutations occur in 60–80% of BC precursors, including papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (Rodriguez Pena et al., 2017), non-invasive low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, non-invasive high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma and ‘flat’ carcinoma in situ (CIS), as well as in urinary cells from a subset of these patients (Kinde et al., 2013). Here, TERT is linked to in situ carcinoma.