Although neutrophil activation has already been described in patients with solid tumors20, our study is the first to demonstrate that HCC-CAF-derived IL6 induces PDL1+ neutrophils via the JAK-STAT3 pathway, which impairs T-cell function through PD1/PDL1 signaling, and then creates favorable conditions for HCC progression. Here, CD274 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.