TGFB1 and colorectal cancer: For example, alterations in the TGFB1 (transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF-beta) signaling have been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis,88 and loss-of-function mutations in TGFBR2 (TGFB1 receptor 2) may serve as prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer patients.