MAFA and Hyperglycemia: Under these glucolipotoxic conditions, beta cells lost GLUT2 and several important transcription factors, such as v-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A (MAFA), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) and NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6.1), and underwent apoptosis, resulting in severe hyperglycaemia [16].