TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: VEGF-A165a and TNF-α upregulate ICAM-1 expression through activation of VEGFR2 in endothelial cells (Radisavljevic et al., 2000, Hirano et al., 2017), retinal pigmented epithelial cells (Thichanpiang et al., 2014, Lee et al., 2015), and rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes (Hulse et al., 2015, Lindsley et al., 1993).