One study found that under both spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated conditions, neutrophils from type 2 diabetic patients produced higher amounts of the cytokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin -1β (IL-1β), TNFα and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) compared to healthy controls [38]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus.