As showed in Fig. 1a, significant upregulation of LRRK2 mRNA levels was found in CRSsNP groups but not in CRSwNP groups compared with the control group (p < 0.0001), and NRON levels were significantly higher in the inferior turbinate than in the middle turbinate of CRSsNP groups (p < 0.0001) and in NPs (p < 0.01) (Fig. 1b). This evidence concerns the gene LRRK2 and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.