Moreover, studies involving melanoma, hepatocellular, and colorectal carcinoma-derived fibroblasts have shown that CAFs can decrease the expression of several NK activating receptors (including NKp30, NKp44, and NKG2D) on the NK cell surface, as well as perforin and granzyme B expression, through the secretion of PGE2 and/or IDO (99–101) leading to an attenuated cytotoxic activity of NK cells against their tumor target cells. Here, IDO1 is linked to neoplasm.