For the first time, the present findings demonstrate that smoking-related COPD patients have diminished cell surface FPR2 expressions on helper and cytotoxic T cells, and diminished intracellular FPR3 expressions in M1 monocyte, M2a monocyte, NK cell, NK T cell, Th and Tc cells, associated with decreased blood M2a percentage and decreased serum levels of ANXA1. Here, FPR3 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.