TNF and infection: Based on those analyses, and their similarity to observations concerning the expressions of the TNF-α+, TGF-β+, and IL-10+ cytokines, there are also almost dichotomous expressions of TLR2, 4, and 9 in the clinical-immunopathological spectrum of ACL caused by L. (V. ) braziliensis and by L. (L. ) amazonensis, suggesting the possibility that specific antigens of those Leishmania species may be influencing the modulation of the innate immune response against infection.