These include but are not limited to ESCC miRNAs (miR-290-295, miR-302, miR-17-92, miR-106b-25 and miR-106a-363), which are functionally upregulated to suppress negative regulators and to enhance pluripotent transcription factors such as NANOG and MYC in an epigenetic manner [45]. Here, NANOG is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.