In addition, it should be considered that the autoimmune response developed in patients with T1D, characterized by the production of Th1 cytokines such as IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and T CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes in association with T CD4+ lymphocytes [10], could eliminate G. lamblia [23]. Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.