Moreover, PDI has garnered much attention in view of its postulated roles in promoting pathogen internalization (Barbouche et al., 2003; Conant and Stephens, 2007), cancer (Benham, 2012), coagulation disorders (Jurk et al., 2011; Cho et al., 2012), and S-nitrosylated PDI being a mediator of protein aggregation in neuronal diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Conway and Harris, 2015). Here, P4HB is linked to Parkinson disease.