Other approaches to adoptive Treg cell therapy using either Foxp3-dependent or Foxp3-independent Tregs have been demonstrated in various autoimmune disease mouse models, including SLE (71, 84), type 1 diabetes (85), EAE (86), inflammatory bowel disease (13, 87), and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) (88). Here, FOXP3 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.