HRAS and neoplasm: We also analyzed LCNECs for alterations in genes of known tumor-specific functions (e.g., CREBBP, EP3003,4,6,21, NOTCH3,6,21, MEN124, ARID1A1–3,21,24) (Supplementary Fig. 2b, Supplementary Fig. 4d, Supplementary Data 6) and found oncogenic mutations of RAS family genes (KRAS-G12V, -G12C, NRAS-D57E, HRAS-G13R), NFE2L2 (2 cases with G31V and 1 case with E79Q) and BRAF (V600E, and G469V).