TNF and infection: Whether the same principle applies to Shigella remains to be explored, but if we assume that this is the case, the induction of CD8 TEM cells expressing TNF-α and/or IFN-γ along with other cytokines suggest that the MF immunity induced by CVD 1208S could aid in controlling infection of Shigella. Pioneering experiments in rectal biopsies from convalescent patients showed cells producing cytokines [14, 15]; demonstrating the induction of T-CMI at the intestinal level.