We further analyzed the mRNA levels of Smurf2 and CNKSR2 in human breast cancer tissue samples (n = 8 for IDC) and adjacent normal breast tissue (n = 6 for normal) by real time quantitative PCR and observed approximately three fold upregulation in the expression of Smurf2 in invasive mammary carcinoma compared to non-tumor tissues (Fig. 9b). This evidence concerns the gene SMURF2 and breast cancer.