MAPK3 and cholangiocarcinoma: Interestingly, in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the phosphorylation levels of phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) and phospho-p38 MAPK increased in M. oleifera seed extract treated RMCCA1 cells, suggesting that the activity levels of anti- and pro-apoptotic signaling proteins may determine the apoptotic nature of this compound [62].