MAPK8 and melanoma: In addition, the administration of M. oleifera leaf extract resulted in a time-dependent increase of phosphor-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and phosphor-extracellular signal-related kinase (p-ERK), without changes in total JNK or ERK protein, hinting at the possibility of a pro-apoptotic role of M. oleifera via activation of these kinases in human melanoma A2058 cells [61].