MMP2 and cholesteryl ester measurement: In the ileum, dogs with CE compared to healthy dogs had significantly higher numbers (and percentage) of samples positive for mucosal pro-MMP-2 (11/12 [91.7%] vs. 6/18 [33.3%]; P = 0.002) and active MMP-2 (4/12 [33.3%] vs. 0/18 [0%]; P = 0.018; Fig. 3).