The enhancement of preoperative NK cell activation with PolyI:C, a TLR3 ligand, to counteract the immunosuppressive effects of surgery and sepsis and attenuate perioperative metastases formation is largely in agreement with the inhibitory effects of poly(I:C) upon tumour outgrowth in non-surgical models of lung metastases [67]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR3 and Sepsis.