Moreover, after adjusted by age and gender or adjusted by all confounding factors listed in Table 2, GDF-15 is still an independent risk factor for AKI Model 2: OR 4.486, 95% CI: 2.524–7.973, P < 0.001; Model 3: OR 3.740, 95% CI: 1.940–7.207, P < 0.001). This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and acute kidney injury.