TNF and infection: After excluding individuals coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), we measured levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP in plasma samples from 153 HIV-infected individuals characterized for CMV infection status, age, gender, duration of infection, antiretroviral therapy (ART), lymphocyte subset counts, plasma HIV load, CMV-specific T cell immunity, and T cell subset TREC frequency.