TNF and infection: Production of cytokines was higher in the cervical-vaginal lavage solution of mice co-infected with Saga-Eh1 compared with those given mono-infection with SC5314 as IL-1β (114.65 ± 2.66 pg/mL vs. 122.6 ± 6.96 pg/mL, P < 0.05); IL-6 (84.60 ± 1.05 pg/mL vs. 86.01 ± 2.21 pg/mL, P > 0.05); and TNF-α (78.83 ± 3.43 pg/mL vs. 81.6 ± 4.96 pg/mL, P > 0.05)] (Figure 5C).