TNF and Parkinson disease: Thus, this study suggests that the dopaminergic neuroprotective effect elicited by BV treatment of MPTP PD model appears to be mainly due to a decrease in neuroinflammation via the suppression of proinflammatory factors, such as cyclooxygenase-2 and PLA2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) (Kim et al., 2011).