In the experiments, Nef was given after LPS simulation to induce glycocalyx degradation (Figure 1A), The results showed that, compared with that in the self-repairing group, Nef post-treatment can accelerate endothelial glycocalyx compositions (HS and SDC-1) restoration both in LPS-induced ARDS mice (Figures 6A,B,E,F) and LPS-stimulated HUVECs (Figures 6C,D,G,H), indicating a promotion of Nef for glycocalyx reconstruction. Here, S100B is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.