Similarly, tumor suppressor proteins involved in adhesion, including EPHB3 and IGSF8, which were reported to suppress cancer metastasis and TGF-β signaling22, 23, respectively, were significantly down-regulated, suggesting that EPHB3 and IGSF8 may function downstream of CDH1 to mediate cell–cell adhesion. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.