As a critical role for NP-specific T-cell responses in protection from symptomatic influenza and reducing viral shedding has recently been demonstrated (Hayward et al., 2015), we measured IFN-γ ELISpot responses specific for NP to determine if ChAdOx1 NP + M1 and MVA-NP + M1 vaccination boosted these cross-reactive T-cell responses to NP (Fig. 5a-d). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and influenza.