Platinum-coated gold nanorods (25 nm × 75 nm) upregulated mRNA expression of apoptotic genes (bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9), downregulated anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2, and activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzymes in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells [68]. The gene discussed is CASP9; the disease is breast carcinoma.