STAT1 and infection: Lung homogenates were used to assess the phosphorylation state of STAT1 and STAT3 at 24 and 48h-post infection with S. pneumoniae. As shown in Fig 6A and 6C, STAT1 phosphorylation at 24h is significantly greater (2.9 fold) in the lungs of WT mice than in NKLAM-KO mice.