Consistent with the notion that kinins may act in an autocrine/intracrine fashion to regulate gene expression is the presence of elevated nuclear B1R and B2R levels as well as the plasma (hKB1) and/or tissue (hK1) kinin forming enzyme kallikreins, that have been reported in certain types of human cancer, such as malignant pleural mesotheliomas [26], lung cancer [27], breast cancer [28] and high-grade [WHO grade IV] gliomas [9]. The gene discussed is KLK4; the disease is breast cancer.