PARP1 and diabetic cardiomyopathy: In human aortic ECs (HAECs) and HUVECs, high glucose also induces EndMT through positive regulators, such as angiotensin II, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), endothelin 1 (ET-1), Smad, Akt, p38, and ERK, contributing to diabetic cardiomyopathy (55, 56, 61–63).