CD4 and nutritional deficiency disease: Finally, in future studies, it would be interesting to investigate other factors such as malnutrition (Edwards et al., 1971) or immunodeficiency (e.g., CD4 + depletion, Slutsker et al., 1993; Jones et al., 1997; Golden and Vikram, 2005) and other factors such as a history of renal insufficiency may be associated with an increased risk of TB and are therefore potential confounders for risk factors for EPTB (Gonzalez et al., 2003; Abdelrahman et al., 2006; Sen et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2009).