IL1B and pulmonary emphysema: Chronic inflammation in pulmonary emphysema is associated with an increase in different proinflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18 and chemokines such as IL-8, MIP-2, IFN-γ, MCP-1, MIP-1β, produced mainly by neutrophils and macrophages in the lung (Yoshida and Tuder, 2007; Churg et al., 2008; Roth, 2008; Bagdonas et al., 2015).