Moreover, overexpression of PDGF-BB alone, or when combined with p53 and Pten deactivation, was shown to be able to effectively transform rat and mouse OPCs into lower-grade oligodendrogliomas or high-grade gliomas (Assanah et al., 2006; Lindberg et al., 2009; Lei et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2016). Here, PTEN is linked to central nervous system cancer.