Furthermore, the chemotaxis of CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction is regulated by Rho GTPases including RhoA, Rac1, both of which were upregulated in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and regulation of actin cytoskeleton pathways in female COPD patients. Here, CXCR4 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.