In the present study, the percentage of patients with HF using carvedilol, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and spirolactone was high, similarly to in another study that detected no difference in TGF-β1 serum levels between controls and patients with HF due to Chagas disease (Vilas-Boas et al. 2008). Here, TGFB1 is linked to Chagas disease.