TGFB1 and infection: Studies in animal models suggested that the TGF-β1-pathway is up-regulated during infection (Roman-Campos et al. 2013, Barreto-de-Albuquerque et al. 2015, Ferreira et al. 2016), promoting the intracellular parasite cycle (Waghabi et al. 2005) and inhibiting the immune response against the parasite (Silva et al. 1991), while the TGF-β1 pathway inhibition decreases parasitaemia and cardiac fibrosis and increases survival (de Oliveira et al. 2012).