CD86 and infection: Along with this, we also observed that even before exposure of MDMs to infection (basal level), patients with T2D exhibited lower expression levels of CD86 (an antigen-presentation molecule), and a higher level of expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is a molecule that acts as a suppressor of T cell activation [Fig. 1, Supplementary data (Fig. 2)].