PTEN and neoplasm: Emerging biology is unravelling the myriad of ways in which tumour oncogenic drivers can modulate the tumour microenvironment, and how targeted therapies can therefore affect the host immune response.147 For example, PTEN loss has been shown to increase PD-L1 expression in gliomas148 and has also been associated with resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in other tumours’ settings,154 supporting the evaluation of combinatorial strategies targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy.