Since a previous study which compared insulin monotherapy with the addition of various oral glucose-lowering agents to insulin did not present the comparative efficacy among non-insulin anti-diabetic agents in patients with inadequately controlled T2DM with insulin therapy73, our systematic review and network meta-analysis provides evidence-based suggestions for selecting an appropriate non-insulin antidiabetic agent based on patients’ clinical characteristics. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.