In this regard, recent guidelines for T2DM management have recommended the use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), or thiazolidinedione (TZD) on top of pre-existing insulin therapy, particularly basal insulin3,4. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.