Consistent with previously documented effects of air pollution on cardiac and respiratory traits32,33, we find that arterial stiffness measures, asthma and stroke prevalence, monocytes counts, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), respiratory function (FEV1), as well as liver enzyme levels (Alanine aminotransferase level (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase level (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)) show the strongest associations with annual SO2 and O3 ambient levels (Supplementary Fig. 10). Here, GPT is linked to asthma.