CRYL1 and poisoning: Despite their close phylogenetic relationship to Bc isolates capable of causing diarrhoea (Raymond & Federici, 2017; Raymond, Johnston, et al., 2010; Raymond, Wyres, et al., 2010), growth in the vertebrate gut and vegetative production of enterotoxins are required for diarrhoeal food poisoning (Ceuppens et al., 2012), and production of Cry toxins is likely to hamper vegetative outgrowth considerably.