NF1 and tuberous sclerosis: These syndromes are caused by mutations in genes variably linked to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1 (MEN1) [64,65], Neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) [66,67,68,69], Tuberous sclerosis (TSC1/2) [70,71,72], Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) [65,73] and Cowden syndrome (PTEN) [74,75,76].