The subsequent co-culturing of BC cells potentiated cancer cell ingrowth and enhanced the expression of VEGF and IL-8 due to stimulation of BMSCs or osteoblasts.129,130 Zhou et al.131 showed that the proliferation of BC cells was enhanced due to osteoblast co-culture, while the growth of osteoblasts was inhibited because of BC co-culture, especially in 3D bioprinting scaffolds (10%/15% GelMA + nHA) (Fig. 5). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is cancer.