CTLA4 and glioblastoma: Peptide vaccines, such as mutated form of EGFR protein (EGFRvIII), or dendritic cell vaccines as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4, have been studied in clinical phase II/III trials and demonstrated improved overall survival for the patients (review [71, 89, 90]) (also see update information from National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/research/immunotherapy-glioblastoma).