NFE2L2 and Hyperglycemia: In our in vitro model, GLP-1 alone did not initiate the NRF2-induced antioxidant transcriptional cascade; only simultaneous administration of the DPP-4i + GLP-1 increased the expression of the NRF2 target genes HMOX, NQO-1 and TXNRD, and reduced the mRNA levels of TXNIP, which is recognized as a connection point in many molecular abnormalities induced by hyperglycemia [34].