INS and diabetes mellitus: The Wnt (Jin, 2008), MAPK (Zhang et al., 2011), TGF-beta (Yadav et al., 2011) and insulin signaling pathways are known to regulate insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, glucose and energy homeostasis; the axon guidance pathway is associated with Wnt proteins (Zou, 2004); and the tight junction pathway is related to the pathophysiology of diabetes (Harhaj and Antonetti, 2004).